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<title>Program management</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Program management</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> or <a href="Product_management" title="Product management">product management</a>.</span> <span>"Program manager" redirects here. For the Microsoft Windows application, see <a href="Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a>.</span></div>

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<p><b>Program management</b> deals with overseeing a group or several projects that align with a company’s organizational strategy, goals, and mission. These <a href="Project" title="Project">projects</a>, are intended to improve an <a href="Organizational_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational performance">organization's performance</a>. Program management is distinct from <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Comparison_with_project_management"><i>project</i> management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many programs focus on delivering a capability to change and are normally designed to deliver the organization's strategy or business transformation. Program management also emphasizes the coordinating and prioritizing of <a href="Resource_(project_management)" title="Resource (project management)">resources</a> across projects, managing links between the projects and the overall costs and risks of the program.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2></div>

<p>Program management is used in many business sectors such as <a href="Business_transformation" title="Business transformation">business transformation</a>, <a href="Change_management" title="Change management">change management</a>, <a href="Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="Event_management" title="Event management">event planning</a>, <a href="Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and <a href="Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. In the defense sector, it is the preferred approach to managing large scale projects. Given major defense programs entail working with contractors, it is also called <b>acquisition management</b>, indicating that the government buyer acquires goods and services by means of contractors.

</p><p>The program manager has an oversight of the purpose and status of the projects in a program. In program management, the manager supports all project-level activity by ensuring program goals are met at each milestone of the project. In addition, the  program manager is ultimately responsible for execution of projects to include decision-making capacity that cannot be achieved at project level or by a <a href="Project_manager" title="Project manager">project manager</a>. Typically, the project manager uses the program manager as a sounding board for ideas and approaches to solving project issues that have program impacts. The program manager provides insight by actively seeking out such information from the project managers, although in large and/or complex projects, a specific role may be required.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_management_skills">Program management skills</h2></div>

<p>The skills needed to be a successful program manager consist of the ability to work well with others and communicate clearly and effectively. For a program manager, time management, problem solving and critical thinking are key skills needed to manage, plan, and execute multiple projects. Since a program manager is leading a project and working with others, leadership attributes, stakeholder management, and decision making are critical to project success.

</p><p>To obtain the necessary skills to become an effective program manager, obtaining a certification will demonstrate that you have the required skill set. The available certifications to obtain this knowledge are Project Management Professional (PMP), Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM), or PMI Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP). These various certifications can be obtained in many colleges and universities.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_factors">Key factors</h2></div>

<p>There are several key factors of program management which considerably differ from <a href="Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a>. In general, these fall under several categories and range from overall strategic vision, resource and change management, and benefits of completion. Program management deals with strategy of the company as opposed to a shorter term look in project management<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alignment">Alignment</h3></div>

<p>The program must support a higher-level vision, goals, and objectives. These are set out in the program vision and blueprint, which defines the future state for the organization, sector or community that will be significantly changed. Individual projects align to a program set by the executive team. These projects can vary in scope, intent, and priority but all are part of the greater portfolio.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3></div>

<p>The program manager may be well placed to provide this insight by actively seeking out such information from the Project Managers although in large and/or complex projects, a specific role may be required. Program management necessitates consistent progress checks to ensure the projects are matching the <a href="Project_portfolio_management" title="Project portfolio management">portfolio</a>’s direction. These checks should ensure accountability and confirm that stakeholders and suppliers are being utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_objectives">Program objectives</h3></div>

<p>A program will deliver major change, whether it is within an organization, a sector or a community. As such, the management of change and transition is a key characteristic of a program, not just the building of a major capability. The program will adhere to set standards and incorporate planning, quality assurance, integration, and the eventual implementation. The planning phase brings together the various projects, resources, and milestones. Program changes and improvement go through a greater level of scrutiny compared to project management. Whereas a project might get approval for a change from its sponsor or director, a program level change would likely need executive approval. <a href="Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a> is pivotal to the success of each individual project and the success of the implementation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3></div>

<p>The key difference between a project and a program is that benefits are delivered within the program lifecycle compared to a project when they are delivered after the project has finished.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These benefits in a program are felt as they are implemented and not when the project is rolled out to users. Successful program implementations are felt by the business affect all users in the organization.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_project_management">Comparison with project management</h2></div>

<p>Program management and project management represent two fundamental approaches to achieving organizational change and success. While both are integral to an organization’s strategic execution, they differ significantly in their objectives, scope, and operational focus. Programs oversee and coordinate related projects to achieve broader organizational outcomes, whereas projects aim to deliver specific, tangible outputs within clearly defined parameters. Understanding these distinctions is essential for businesses to allocate resources effectively and align activities with strategic goals.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_differences">Key differences</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outputs_vs._outcomes">Outputs vs. outcomes</h4></div>

<p>Projects are designed to produce well-defined outputs. These outputs are discrete, measurable deliverables that contribute to a specific goal, such as constructing a new facility, implementing an IT solution, or launching a marketing campaign. These efforts are generally confined to meeting precise objectives that are critical to the organization's immediate needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Programs, by contrast, manage the interdependencies between multiple projects to deliver broader organizational outcomes. For instance, while a project might deliver a new hospital building, a program integrates this infrastructure with initiatives such as staff recruitment, training, and community outreach to enhance overall healthcare accessibility. This broader focus ensures that the strategic benefits extend beyond the sum of individual project outputs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope_and_duration">Scope and duration</h4></div>

<p>The finite nature of projects is a defining characteristic. Each project operates within a fixed timeline and budget, with a clear start and end point. The deliverables of a project are specific, and its success is often measured by the extent to which it achieves its defined scope.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In contrast, programs are ongoing and adaptive. Programs encompass a series of related projects, evolving over time in response to organizational goals, external factors, and changing priorities. Programs often operate within an extended timeline, allowing for adjustments that maximize their strategic impact. For example, a corporate sustainability program might continuously add projects addressing renewable energy use or carbon footprint reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><b>Management focus</b>

</p><p>Project Managers are primarily concerned with the successful execution of their specific projects. Their focus is on delivering outputs that meet predefined standards of scope, cost, and quality. They oversee the project lifecycle from initiation through to completion, emphasizing efficiency, adherence to schedule, and budgetary constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Program Managers, in contrast, take on a broader and more strategic role. They ensure that all projects under a program are aligned with organizational objectives and complement each other. Program managers must also address risks, resource allocation, and stakeholder expectations at a macro level. Their role involves monitoring the interdependencies between projects and adjusting optimize outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measurements_of_success">Measurements of success</h4></div>

<p>In project management, success is assessed based on the delivery of outputs that meet specified criteria. A project is deemed successful if it achieves its objectives within the agreed time, budget, and scope. For example, a project to develop a new software application would be considered successful if the application functions as intended and is delivered on schedule.

</p><p>Program management, on the other hand, evaluates success based on long-term strategic benefits and overall organizational impact. A program encompassing projects to reduce operating costs, for instance, would measure success by the extent to which these cost savings contribute to improved financial performance over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_perspectives">Theoretical perspectives</h3></div>

<p>Different perspectives exist regarding the distinctions between programs and projects.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outputs_vs._outcomes_perspective">Outputs vs. outcomes perspective</h4></div>

<p>Programs deliver outcomes that reflect strategic changes, whereas projects deliver outputs that meet specific, tactical needs. In this view, program managers ensure that all constituent projects collectively achieve desired end states, while project managers focus on completing their projects effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexibility_and_adaptation_perspective">Flexibility and adaptation perspective</h4></div>

<p>Programs are more adaptable than projects, often evolving in response to changing conditions. Unlike projects, which adhere strictly to defined scopes, programs may shift priorities and allocate resources dynamically to maximize organizational benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practical_implications">Practical implications</h4></div>

<p>An organization’s approach to program and project management has significant implications for its operational and strategic success:

</p><p>In launching a new product line, project management would oversee specific tasks such as market research, product design, and manufacturing setup. Each of these projects would have clearly defined outputs, such as a functional prototype or a marketing campaign.

</p><p>Program management, by contrast, would ensure that all these projects align with broader organizational goals, such as increasing market share or achieving revenue growth. The program manager would address interdependencies, such as ensuring that production capabilities align with marketing timelines and sales targets.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h3></div>

<p>Program and project management are complementary disciplines, each playing a vital role in achieving organizational success. Projects deliver outputs efficiently and effectively, while programs ensure that these outputs contribute to broader strategic outcomes. While the distinctions provide a useful framework, the practical application often depends on organizational culture, the complexity of the initiatives, and strategic priorities. Effective integration of both approaches is crucial for organizations aiming to achieve sustained growth and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Cost_overrun" title="Cost overrun">Cost overrun</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_project_management_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of project management topics">List of project management topics</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_project_management_software" title="Comparison of project management software">Comparison of project management software</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_manager" title="Product manager">Product manager</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEddy2023" class="citation web cs1">Eddy, Nathan (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dice.com/career-advice/program-manager-skills-essential-building-career">"Program Manager Skills: Essential Ones for Building a Career"</a>. <i>Dice Insights</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArttoMartinsuoGemündenMurtoaro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Artto, Karlos; Martinsuo, Miia; Gemünden, Hans Georg; Murtoaro, Jarkko (1 January 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263786307001706">"Foundations of program management: A bibliometric view"</a></span>. <i>International Journal of Project Management</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijproman.2007.10.007">10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.10.007</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-7863">0263-7863</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSowdenStationery_Office2011" class="citation book cs1">Sowden, Rod; Stationery Office, eds. (2011). <i>Managing successful programmes</i>. Best management practice (4. ed.). Norwich: Axelos. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-11-331327-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAsana" class="citation web cs1">Asana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asana.com/resources/program-manager-vs-project-manager">"Program Manager vs Project Manager: Roles Explained [2024] • Asana"</a>. <i>Asana</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finance-ni.gov.uk/articles/programme-and-project-management-tools-and-techniques">"Programme and project management tools and techniques | Department of Finance"</a>. <i>www.finance-ni.gov.uk</i>. 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFProject_Management_Institute2021" class="citation book cs1">Project Management Institute (2021). <i>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide)</i>. Project Management Institute (7th ed.). Newtown Square, PA. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-62825-664-2</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSowden2011" class="citation book cs1">Sowden, Rod (2011). <i>Managing Successful Programmes</i>. London: <a href="The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780113313273</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>APM Introduction to Programme Management</i>. Association for Project Management. 2007. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-903494-63-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMilosevicMartinelliWaddell2007" class="citation book cs1">Milosevic, Dragan; Martinelli, Russ; Waddell, Jim (2007). <i>Program Management for Improved Business Results</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-78354-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNokes2007" class="citation book cs1">Nokes, Sebastian (2007). <i>The Definitive Guide to Project Management</i> (2nd ed.). London: Financial Times/<a href="Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-273-71097-4</bdi>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Standard for Program Management</i>. Global Standard (2nd ed.). Newtown Square, Pa: <a href="Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute">Project Management Institute</a>. 2008. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-933890-52-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFReissAnthonyChapmanLeigh2006" class="citation book cs1">Reiss, Geoff; Anthony, Malcolm; Chapman, John; Leigh, Geof; Pyne, Adrian; Rayner, Paul (2006). <i>Gower Handbook of Programme Management</i>. Burlington: Gower Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-566-08603-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFObeng1996" class="citation book cs1">Obeng, Eddie (1996). <i>Putting Strategy to Work</i>. London: Financial Times Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780273602651</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBaars" class="citation book cs1">Baars, Wouter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projectmanagement-training.net/category/programme-management/">"7. Program management"</a>. <i>Project Management Handbook</i>. DANS: Data Archiving and Networked Services. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-6984-496-6</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)</span>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrieto2008" class="citation book cs1">Prieto, Bob (2008). <i>Strategic Program Management</i>. McLean, VA: <a href="Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9815612-1-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrieto2010" class="citation book cs1">Prieto, Bob (2010). <i>Topics in Strategic Program Management</i>. B. Prieto. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-557-52887-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSowdenCarter2015" class="citation book cs1">Sowden, Rod; Carter, Nick (2015). <i>MSP Survival Guides for Senior Responsible Owners (SROs)</i>. London: <a href="The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780113314805</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSowdenLeigh2015" class="citation book cs1">Sowden, Rod; Leigh, Geof (2015). <i>MSP Survival Guides for Programme Managers</i>. London: <a href="The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780113314782</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSowden2014" class="citation book cs1">Sowden, Rod (2014). <i>MSP Survival Guides for Business Change Managers</i>. Norwich: <a href="The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780113314461</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184908/https://pmtoolkit.dau.mil/">Defense Acquisition University PM e-Tool Kit</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpexcellence.com/project-management-glossary/">Project and Program Management Glossary</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.p3mframework.com/">Public Domain Programme Management-Framework</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspireeurope.com/blog/2019/12/10/programme-management-pmi-or-msp-which-one-is-for-you-4/">Article Comparing Managing Successful Programmes approach to the PMI approach</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Management363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Management363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Management" title="Management">Management</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_management" title="Outline of management">Outline of management</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_management_articles" title="Index of management articles">Index of management articles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By type<br>of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_administration" title="Academic administration">Academic</a></li>

<li>Association</li>

<li><a href="Business_administration" title="Business administration">Business</a>

<ul><li><a href="Restaurant_management" title="Restaurant management">Restaurant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Court_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Court management">Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_administration" title="Health administration">Healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_administration" title="Military administration">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">By focus,<br>within an<br>organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic</a><br>(top-level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capability_management" title="Capability management">Capability</a></li>

<li><a href="Capital_management" title="Capital management">Capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Change_management" title="Change management">Change</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_management" title="Communications management">Communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_management" title="Financial management">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_legal_management" title="Enterprise legal management">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance management">Performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_management" title="Systems management">Systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On component</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Facility_management" title="Facility management">Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_management" title="Product management">Product</a>

<ul><li><a href="Product_lifecycle" title="Product lifecycle">Product lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project</a>

<ul><li><a href="Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction</a></li></ul></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On activity or<br>department<br>managed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Line_management" title="Line management">Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_management" title="Operations management">Operations</a>/<a href="Manufacturing_process_management" title="Manufacturing process management">production</a>

<ul><li><a href="Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sales_management" title="Sales management">Sales</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Staff_management" title="Staff management">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accounting_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting management">Accounting</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_management" title="Office management">Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Records_management" title="Records management">Records</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On aspect or<br>relationship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">Customer relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">Supply chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Talent_management" title="Talent management">Talent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On problem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conflict_management" title="Conflict management">Conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">On resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_inventory_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Field inventory management">Field inventory</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_management" title="Information management">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">Information technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Materials_management" title="Materials management">Materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Skills_management" title="Skills management">Skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interim_management" title="Interim management">Interim</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_management" title="Middle management">Middle</a></li>

<li><a href="Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Methods,<br>approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">Collaborative method</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_management" title="Distributed management">Distributed</a></li>

<li><a href="Earned_value_management" title="Earned value management">Earned value management</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence-based_management" title="Evidence-based management">Evidence-based management</a></li>

<li><a href="Full_range_leadership_model" title="Full range leadership model">Full range leadership model</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_by_objectives" title="Management by objectives">Management by objectives</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_style" title="Management style">Management style</a></li>

<li><a href="Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">Macromanagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></li>

<li><a href="Team_building" title="Team building">Team building</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_management" title="Virtual management">Virtual management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Skills,<br>activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadership" title="Leadership">Leadership</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Pioneers,<br>scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliyahu_M._Goldratt" title="Eliyahu M. Goldratt">Eliyahu M. Goldratt</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_school" title="Business school">Business school</a></li>

<li><a href="Certified_Business_Manager" title="Certified Business Manager">Certified Business Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartered_Management_Institute" title="Chartered Management Institute">Chartered Management Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_management_studies" title="Critical management studies">Critical management studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Degrees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bachelor_of_Business_Administration" title="Bachelor of Business Administration">Bachelor of Business Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="PhD_in_management" title="PhD in management">PhD in management</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctor of Business Administration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaboration" title="Collaboration">Collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_compensation" title="Executive compensation">Executive compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">Management consulting</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_(management)" title="Control (management)">Management control</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics">Management cybernetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_development" title="Management development">Management development</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_fad" title="Management fad">Management fad</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_system" title="Management system">Management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Managerial_psychology" title="Managerial psychology">Managerial psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Managerialism" title="Managerialism">Managerialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_development" title="Organization development">Organization development</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_behavior_management" title="Organizational behavior management">Organizational behavior management</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointy-haired_Boss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointy-haired Boss">Pointy-haired Boss</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3ASystems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Systems science portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Program_management&oldid=1291893489">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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